When Did Makeup First Start Bring Used

History of cosmetics in cultures

The history of cosmetics spans at least vii,000 years and is nowadays in almost every society on earth. Cosmetic body art is argued to have been the earliest form of a ritual in human being culture. The prove for this comes in the form of utilised red mineral pigments (ruby-red ochre) including crayons associated with the emergence of Homo sapiens in Africa.^{[i] [ii] [3] [4] [five] [6]} Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament—2 Kings 9:30 where Jezebel painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC—and the book of Esther describes various dazzler treatments as well.

Cosmetics were also used in ancient Rome, although much of Roman literature suggests that it was frowned upon. It is known that some women in ancient Rome invented make up including lead-based formulas, to whiten the skin, and kohl to line the eyes.^[7]

Across the globe [edit]

North Africa [edit]

Egypt [edit]

I of the earliest cultures to use cosmetics was ancient Egypt, where both Egyptian men and women used makeup to heighten their advent. The use of cosmetics in Ancient Egypt is well documented. Kohl has its roots in north Africa. The use of black kohl eyeliner and eyeshadows in nighttime colours such as blueish, crimson, and black was common, and was unremarkably recorded and represented in Egyptian fine art, likewise as beingness seen in Egyptian hieroglyphs. Ancient Egyptians too extracted red dye from fucus-algin, 0.01% iodine, and some bromine mannite,^{[ vague ]} but this dye resulted in serious disease. Lipsticks with shimmering effects were initially made using a pearlescent substance plant in fish scales, which are all the same used extensively today.^[eight] Despite the chancy nature of some Egyptian cosmetics, ancient Egyptian makeup was also idea to accept antibacterial properties that helped prevent infections.^[9] Remedies to treat wrinkles contained ingredients such as mucilage of frankincense and fresh moringa. For scars and burns, a special ointment was fabricated of ruby-red ochre, kohl, and sycamore juice. An alternative treatment was a poultice of carob grounds and honey, or an ointment fabricated of knotgrass and powdered root of wormwood. To improve breath the aboriginal Africans chewed herbs or frankincense which is still in utilise today. Jars of what could exist compared with setting balm have been found to contain a mixture of beeswax and resin. These doubled equally remedies for problems such every bit alopecia and greying hair. They also used these products on their mummies, considering they believed that it would make them irresistible in the after life.

Middle Due east [edit]

Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament, such as in ii Kings nine:xxx, where the biblical effigy Jezebel painted her eyelids (approximately 840 BC). Cosmetics are also mentioned in the volume of Esther, where beauty treatments are described.

Asia [edit]

Cathay [edit]

Flowers play an important decorative role in Cathay. Legend has information technology that once on the 7th mean solar day of the 1st lunar month, while Princess Shouyang, daughter of Emperor Wu of Liu Song, was resting under the eaves of Hanzhang Palace near the plum trees later wandering in the gardens, a plum blossom drifted down onto her fair face up, leaving a floral imprint on her forehead that enhanced her beauty further.^{[10] [eleven] [12]} The court ladies were said to be so impressed, that they started decorating their own foreheads with a small frail plum blossom design.^{[10] [11] [thirteen]} This is as well the mythical origin of the floral fashion, meihua zhuang ^[11] (梅花妝; literally "plum flower makeup"), that originated in the Southern Dynasties (420–589) and became popular amidst ladies in the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) dynasties.^{[xiii] [14]}

Mongolia [edit]

Women of royal families painted red spots on the center of their cheeks, right under their eyes. However, it is a mystery why. They said that cherry cheeks are a reason of happy queen.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Japan [edit]

A maiko in the Gion district of Kyoto, Nippon, in total brand-upwards. The mode of the lipstick indicates that she is even so new.

In Japan, geisha wore lipstick made of crushed safflower petals to paint the eyebrows and edges of the optics every bit well equally the lips, and sticks of bintsuke wax, a softer version of the sumo wrestlers' pilus wax, were used past geisha as a makeup base of operations. Rice powder colors the face and back; rouge contours the heart socket and defines the nose.^{[fifteen] [ unreliable source? ]} Ohaguro (black paint) colours the teeth for the anniversary, called Erikae, when maiko (apprentice geisha) graduate and get independent. The geisha would also sometimes utilise bird droppings to compile a lighter color.

Western asia [edit]

Cosmetics were used in Persia and what today is Iran from ancient periods.^{[ citation needed ]} Kohl is a black powder that is used widely across the Persian Empire. It is used as a powder or smeared to darken the edges of the eyelids similar to eyeliner.^[sixteen] Subsequently Farsi tribes converted to Islam and conquered those areas, in some areas cosmetics were simply restricted if they were to disguise the real await in order to mislead or cause uncontrolled desire.^{[ citation needed ]} In Islamic law, despite these requirements, there is no absolute prohibition on wearing cosmetics; the cosmetics must not be made of substances that harm one'southward body.

An early instructor in the 10th century was Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, or Abulcasis, who wrote the 24-volume medical encyclopedia Al-Tasrif. A chapter of the 19th volume was dedicated to cosmetics. As the treatise was translated into Latin, the cosmetic chapter was used in the Due west. Al-Zahrawi considered cosmetics a branch of medicine, which he chosen "Medicine of Beauty" (Adwiyat al-Zinah). He deals with perfumes, scented aromatics and incense. There were perfumed sticks rolled and pressed in special molds, peradventure the earliest antecedents of nowadays-twenty-four hours lipsticks and solid deodorants. He also used oily substances called Adhan for medication and adornment.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Europe [edit]

Cultures to use cosmetics include the ancient Greeks ^{[v] [half-dozen]} and the Romans. In the Roman Empire, the use of cosmetics was mutual amongst prostitutes and rich women. Such adornment was sometimes lamented by certain Roman writers, who thought it to be against the castitas required of women by what they considered traditional Roman values; and afterward by Christian writers who expressed similar sentiments in a slightly dissimilar context. Pliny the Elderberry mentioned cosmetics in his Naturalis Historia, and Ovid wrote a book on the topic.

Pale faces were a trend during the European Middle Ages. In the 16th century, women would drain themselves to achieve pale skin. Castilian prostitutes wore pink makeup to contrast stake skin.^{[ citation needed ]} 13th century Italian women wore red lipstick to testify that they were upper course.^[17] Use of cosmetics continued in Middle Ages, where the face was whitened and the cheeks rouged;^[18] during the later 16th century in the Due west, the personal attributes of the women who used makeup created a need for the production among the upper class.^{[ vague ] [xviii]} Cosmetics connected to exist used in the post-obit centuries, though attitudes towards cosmetics varied throughout fourth dimension, with the use of cosmetics being openly frowned upon at many points in Western history. In the 19th century, Queen Victoria publicly alleged makeup improper, vulgar, and adequate only for apply by actors,^[xix] with many famous actresses of the fourth dimension, such as Sarah Bernhardt and Lillie Langtry using makeup.

19th-century style ideals of women appearing frail, feminine and pale were accomplished past some through the employ of makeup, with some women discreetly using rouge on their cheeks and drops of belladonna to dilate their eyes to announced larger. Though cosmetics were used discreetly by many women, makeup in Western cultures during this time was generally frowned upon, particularly during the 1870s, when Western social etiquette increased in rigidity. Teachers and clergy were specifically forbidden from the utilise of cosmetic products.

Americas and Australia [edit]

Some Native American tribes painted their faces for formalism events or battle.^{[ citation needed ]} Similar practices were followed by Aboriginals in Australia.

The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the U.s. and do non represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the effect on the talk page, or create a new commodity, as advisable. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

19th century [edit]

During the late 1800s, the Western cosmetics industry began to abound due to a rise in "visual self-awareness," a shift in the perception of color cosmetics, and improvements in the prophylactic of products.^[20] Prior to the 19th century, limitations in lighting technology and access to reflective devices stifled people'due south ability to regularly perceive their advent. This, in turn, limited the need for a cosmetic market and resulted in individuals creating and applying their ain products at home. Several technological advancements in the latter half of the century, including the innovation of mirrors, commercial photography, marketing and electricity in the habitation and in public, increased consciousness of one'due south appearance and created a need for cosmetic products that improved one'southward epitome.^[20]

Face powders, rouges, lipstick and similar products fabricated from home were constitute to take toxic ingredients, which deterred customers from their employ. Discoveries of not-toxic cosmetic ingredients, such as Henry Tetlow'southward 1866 use of zinc oxide equally a face up pulverisation, and the distribution of cosmetic products by established companies such every bit Rimmel, Guerlain, and Hudnut helped popularize cosmetics to the broader public.^[twenty] Skincare, along with "face painting" products similar powders, also became in-demand products of the cosmetics industry. The mass advertisements of cold cream brands such as Pond's through billboards, magazines, and newspapers created a loftier need for the product. These advertisement and corrective marketing styles were shortly replicated in European countries, which farther increased the popularity of the advertised products in Europe.^[20]

20th century [edit]

Audience applying makeup at lecture by beautician in Los Angeles, c. 1950.

During the early 1900s, makeup was non excessively pop. In fact, women hardly wore makeup at all. Make-up at this time was still generally the territory of prostitutes, those in cabarets and on the black & white screen.^[21] Face enameling (applying actual paint to the confront) became pop among the rich at this time in an try to wait paler. This exercise was unsafe due to the main ingredient often being arsenic.^[22] Pale skin was associated with wealth because it meant that one was not out working in the sun and could afford to stay inside all day. Cosmetics were so unpopular that they could not be bought in section stores; they could only be bought at theatrical costume stores. A adult female's "makeup routine" oftentimes only consisted of using papier poudré, a powdered paper/oil blotting canvas, to whiten the nose in the winter and shine their cheeks in the summer. Rouge was considered provocative, so was just seen on "women of the night." Some women used burnt matchsticks to darken eyelashes, and geranium and poppy petals to stain the lips.^[22] Vaseline became loftier in need considering it was used on chapped lips, as a base of operations for hair tonic, and lather.^[22] Toilet waters were introduced in the early 1900s, but only lavender water or refined cologne was open-door for women to wearable.^[23] Cosmetic deodorant was invented in 1888, by an unknown inventor from Philadelphia and was trademarked nether the name "Mum". Curl-on deodorant was launched in 1952, and aerosol deodorant in 1965.

Around 1910, make-up became stylish in the United States of America and Europe owing to the influence of ballet and theatre stars such as Mathilde Kschessinska and Sarah Bernhardt. Colored makeup was introduced in Paris upon the arrival of the Russian Ballet in 1910, where ochers and crimsons were the virtually typical shades.^[24] The Daily Mirror beauty book showed that cosmetics were now adequate for the literate classes to wear. With that said, men ofttimes saw rouge every bit a mark of sexual practice and sin, and rouging was considered an access of ugliness. In 1915, a Kansas legislature proposed to go far a misdemeanor for women under the age of forty-iv to article of clothing cosmetics "for the purpose of creating a simulated impression."^[25] The Daily Mirror was one of the get-go to suggest using a pencil line (eyeliner) to elongate the middle and an eyelash curler to accentuate the lashes. Eyebrow darkener was as well presented in this dazzler book, created from gum Arabic, Indian ink, and rosewater.^[26] George Burchett developed cosmetic tattooing during this fourth dimension period. He was able to tattoo on pink blushes, scarlet lips, and dark eyebrows. He also was able to tattoo men disfigured in the First World War by inserting skin tones in damaged faces and past covering scars with colors more than pleasing to the center.^[27] Max Factor opened up a professional makeup studio for stage and screen actors in Los Angeles in 1909.^[28] Even though his shop was intended for actors, ordinary women came in to purchase theatrical heart shadow and eyebrow pencils for their domicile use.

In the 1920s, the film industry in Hollywood had the most influential impact on cosmetics. Stars such equally Theda Bara had a substantial effect on the makeup manufacture. Helena Rubinstein was Bara's makeup artist; she created mascara for the actress, relying on her experiments with kohl.^[29] Others who saw the opportunity for the mass-market of cosmetics during this fourth dimension were Max Factor, Sr., and Elizabeth Arden. Many of the nowadays solar day makeup manufacturers were established during the 1920s and 1930s. Lipsticks were one of the most popular cosmetics of this time, more so than rouge and pulverisation, because they were colorful and cheap. In 1915, Maurice Levy invented the metallic container for lipstick, which gave license to its mass product.^[30] The Flapper manner also influenced the cosmetics of the 1920s, which embraced dark optics, red lipstick, red nail polish, and the suntan, invented as a fashion statement past Coco Chanel. The eyebrow pencil became vastly popular in the 1920s, in part because information technology was technologically superior to what it had been, due to a new ingredient: hydrogenated cottonseed oil (too the key elective of some other wonder production of that era Crisco Oil).^[31] The early commercial mascaras, like Maybelline, were but pressed cakes containing soap and pigments. A woman would dip a tiny castor into hot h2o, rub the bristles on the block, remove the backlog by rolling the brush onto some blotting paper or a sponge, then apply the mascara equally if her eyelashes were a watercolor canvas.^[31] Eugène Schueller, founder of L'Oréal, invented modernistic constructed pilus dye in 1907 and he also invented sunscreen in 1936.^[32] The first patent for a nail smoothen was granted in 1919. Its color was a very faint pink. It'due south not clear how dark this rose was, only whatsoever girl whose nails were tipped in any pink darker than a babe's chroma risked gossip most being "fast."^[31] Previously, only agricultural workers had sported suntans, while fashionable women kept their skins as pale every bit possible. In the wake of Chanel'due south adoption of the suntan, dozens of new fake tan products were produced to help both men and women achieve the "sunday-kissed" look. In Asia, peel whitening connected to represent the ideal of beauty, as it does to this day.

In the time menses after the Get-go World War, there was a blast in corrective surgery. During the 1920s and 1930s, facial configuration and social identity dominated a plastic surgeon's globe. Face up-lifts were performed as early on every bit 1920, simply it wasn't until the 1960s when cosmetic surgery was used to reduce the signs of aging.^[33] During the twentieth century, cosmetic surgery mainly revolved around women. Men only participated in the practice if they had been disfigured by the state of war. Silicone implants were introduced in 1962. In the 1980s, the American Society of Plastic Surgeons made efforts to increment public awareness almost plastic surgery. Every bit a issue, in 1982, the U.s. Supreme Court granted physicians the legal right to advertise their procedures.^[34] The optimistic and simplified nature of narrative advertisements oftentimes made the surgeries seem gamble-free, even though they were anything simply. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery reported that more than than two million Americans elected to undergo cosmetic procedures, both surgical and non-surgical, in 1998, liposuction beingness the most popular. Breast augmentations ranked second, while numbers iii, iv, and five went to eye surgery, face-lifts, and chemical peels.^[33]

During the 1920s, numerous African Americans participated in peel bleaching in an effort to lighten their complexion as well as hair straightening to appear whiter. Pare bleaches and pilus straighteners created fortunes worth millions and accounted for a massive thirty to l percentage of all advertisements in the blackness printing of the decade.^[35] Frequently, these bleaches and straighteners were created and marketed by African American women themselves. Skin bleaches contained caustic chemicals such as hydroquinone, which suppressed the product of melanin in the peel. These bleaches could cause severe dermatitis and even death in high dosages. Many times these regimens were used daily, increasing an individual'south take chances. In the 1970s, at least v companies started producing make-upwards for African American women. Before the 1970s, makeup shades for Black women were limited. Face makeup and lipstick did not work for nighttime peel types because they were created for stake peel tones. These cosmetics that were created for pale skin tones only made dark skin appear greyness. Somewhen, makeup companies created makeup that worked for richer peel tones, such equally foundations and powders that provided a natural match. Popular companies similar Astarté, Afram, Libra, Flori Roberts and Fashion Off-white priced the cosmetics reasonably due to the fact that they wanted to achieve out to the masses.^[36]

From 1939 to 1945, during the Second World War, cosmetics were in brusque supply.^[37] Petroleum and alcohol, basic ingredients of many cosmetics, were diverted into war supply. Ironically, at this fourth dimension when they were restricted, lipstick, powder, and face foam were nigh desirable and well-nigh experimentation was carried out for the mail service war menses. Cosmetic developers realized that the war would result in a astounding boom after, so they began preparing. Yardley, Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and the French manufacturing company became associated with "quality" after the war because they were the oldest established. Pond'southward had this same appeal in the lower price range. Gala cosmetics were one of the outset to give its products fantasy names, such as the lipsticks in "lantern reddish" and "bounding main coral."^[38]

During the 1960s and 1970s, many women in the western world influenced by feminism decided to go without any cosmetics. In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can." This included cosmetics,^[39] which were among items the protestors called "instruments of female torture"^[twoscore] and accouterments of what they perceived to exist enforced femininity.

Cosmetics in the 1970s were divided into a "natural look" for mean solar day and a more than sexualized image for evening. Not-allergic makeup appeared when the blank face was in fashion as women became more interested in the chemical value of their makeup.^[41] Modernistic developments in engineering, such every bit the High-shear mixer facilitated the production of cosmetics which were more natural looking and had greater staying power in wear than their predecessors.^[42] The prime cosmetic of the time was eye shadow, though; women also were interested in new lipstick colors such every bit lilac, green, and silver.^[43] These lipsticks were often mixed with pale pinks and whites, so women could create their ain private shades. "Chroma-ons" came into the market place in this decade, with Revlon giving them broad publicity.^[43] This product was practical to the forehead, lower cheeks, and chin. Contouring and highlighting the face with white eye shadow foam also became popular. Avon introduced the lady saleswoman.^[44] In fact, the whole corrective manufacture in general opened opportunities for women in business as entrepreneurs, inventors, manufacturers, distributors, and promoters.^[45]

21st century [edit]

Beauty products are now widely bachelor from dedicated internet-only retailers,^[46] who have more recently been joined online by established outlets, including major department stores and traditional brick-and-mortar beauty retailers.

Like most industries, corrective companies resist regulation past government agencies. In the U.Due south., the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not approve or review cosmetics, although information technology does regulate the colors that can be used in hair dyes. Cosmetic companies are non required to written report injuries resulting from utilise of their products.^[47]

Although modern makeup has been used mainly by women traditionally, gradually an increasing number of males are using cosmetics unremarkably associated to women to heighten their own facial features. Concealer is commonly used past cosmetic-conscious men. Cosmetics brands are releasing cosmetic products especially tailored for men, and men are using such products more commonly.^[48] There is some controversy over this, however, every bit many feel that men who habiliment makeup are neglecting traditional gender roles, and do not view men wearing cosmetics in a positive light. Others, withal, view this equally a sign of increasing gender equality and feel that men too have the correct to enhance their facial features with cosmetics if women do.

Today the marketplace of cosmetics has a different dynamic compared to the 20th century. Some countries are driving this economy:

• Japan: Japan is the second largest market in the world. Regarding the growth of this marketplace, cosmetics in Nippon have entered a menstruum of stability. Nevertheless, the market place situation is quickly changing. Now consumers can access a lot of information on the Internet and choose many alternatives, opening upward many opportunities for newcomers entering the market, looking for chances to see the various needs of consumers. The size of the cosmetics market for 2010 was 2286 billion yen on the ground of the value of shipments by brand manufacturer. With a growth charge per unit of 0.1%, the market was almost unchanged from the previous year.^[49]
• Russia: One of the most interesting emerging markets, the 5th largest in the world in 2012, the Russian perfumery and cosmetics market has shown the highest growth of 21% since 2004, reaching Usa$xiii.five billion.^{[ citation needed ]}

With the imposition of lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent wariness to return to salons, trends that imitate salon procedures started to emerge, such every bit more than complicated habitation skin-care regimens, hair colour preserving products, and beauty tools.^[fifty] Early on in the pandemic, sales on makeup essentials, like foundation and lipstick, decreased by up to 70% because of quarantining and confront-roofing mandates.^[51]

Run into also [edit]

• Cosmetics
• Female person cosmetic coalitions
• Ochre
• Prehistoric art
• Symbolic culture
• Blombos Cavern

References [edit]

1. ^ Power, Camilla (2010). "Cosmetics, identity and consciousness". Periodical of Consciousness Studies. 17 (seven–8): 73–94.
2. ^ Power, Camilla (2004). "Women in Prehistoric Art". In Berghaus, 1000. (ed.). New Perspectives in Prehistoric Art. Westport, CT & London: Praeger. pp. 75–104.
3. ^ Watts, Ian (2009). "Red ochre, torso painting and language: interpreting the Blombos ochre". In Botha, Rudolf; Knight, Chris (eds.). The Cradle of Linguistic communication. OUP Oxford. pp. 62–92. ISBN978-0-xix-156767-4.
4. ^ Watts, Ian (ane September 2010). "The pigments from Peak Point Cave 13B, Western Greatcoat, South Africa". Journal of Human being Evolution. 59 (3): 392–411. doi:x.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.006. PMID 20934093.
5. ^ ^{a b} Adkins, Lesley & Adkins, Roy A. (1998). Handbook to life in Ancient Hellenic republic. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19512-491-0. ^{[ page needed ]}
6. ^ ^{a b} Burlando, Bruno; Verotta, Luisella; Cornararara, Laura & Bottini-Massa, Elisa (2010). Herbal Principles in Cosmetics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN978-ane-43981-213-half-dozen.
7. ^ Olson, Kelly (2009). "Cosmetics in Roman Antiquity: Substance, Remedy, Poison". Classical Globe. 102 (3): 291–310. doi:10.1353/clw.0.0098. JSTOR 40599851. Project MUSE 266767.
8. ^ Johnson, Rita (1999). "What's That Stuff? Lipstick". Chemical & Engineering News. 77 (28): 31. doi:10.1021/cen-v077n028.p031.
9. ^ Bhanoo, Sindya N. (18 January 2010). "Ancient Arab republic of egypt's Toxic Makeup Fought Infection, Researchers Say". The New York Times.
10. ^ ^{a b} Cai, Zong-qi, ed. (2008). How to read Chinese verse: A guided anthology. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 295. ISBN978-0-231-13941-0.
11. ^ ^{a b c} Wang, Betty. "Blossom deities mark the lunar months with stories of Beloved & Tragedy". Taiwan Review. Government Information Office, Republic of Prc. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved xx November 2011.
12. ^ "Unknown". Westward & Due east 中美月刊. Sino-American Cultural and Economic Association. 36–37: 9. 1991. ISSN 0043-3047. ^{[ dead link ]}
13. ^ ^{a b} Huo, Jianying. "Ancient Cosmetology". Communist china Today . Retrieved eight Oct 2011.
14. ^ Mei, Hua (2011). Chinese clothing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Printing. p. 32. ISBN978-0-521-18689-six. For example, the Huadian or forehead decoration was said to accept originated in the South Dynasty, when the Shouyang Princess was taking a walk in the palace in early spring and a light cakewalk brought a plum bloom onto her brow. The plum blossom for some reason could not be washed off or removed in whatever mode. Fortunately, it looked beautiful on her, and all of a sudden became all the rage amidst the girls of the commoners. It is therefore called the "Shouyang makeup" or the "plum blossom makeup." This makeup was popular among the women for a long time in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
15. ^ Graham-Diaz, Naomi (October 2001). "Brand-Up of Geisha and Maiko". Immortal Geisha. Archived from the original on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
16. ^ Oumeish, Oumeish Youssef (July 2001). "The cultural and philosophical concepts of cosmetics in beauty and art through the medical history of mankind". Clinics in Dermatology. xix (4): 375–386. doi:10.1016/s0738-081x(01)00194-8. PMID 11535377.
17. ^ Madrano, Autumn (1999). "A Colorful History". InFlux. Academy of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication. Archived from the original on 17 January 2001. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
18. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, pp. 41–42.
19. ^ Pallingston, Jessica (1998). Lipstick: A Celebration of the World'south Favorite Corrective. New York City: St. Martin's Press. ISBN978-0-312-19914-ii.
20. ^ ^{a b c d} Jones, Geoffrey (2010). "How Practise I Expect?". Beauty Imagined. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Printing. pp. 44–63. ISBN978-0-19955-649-vi.
21. ^ Sava, Sanda (5 May 2016). "A History of Make-up & Style: 1900-1910". SandaSava.com . Retrieved 19 May 2016.
22. ^ ^{a b c} Angeloglou 1970, p. 113.
23. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 114.
24. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 115.
25. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 55.
26. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 116.
27. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 117.
28. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 58.
29. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 119.
30. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 125.
31. ^ ^{a b c} Riordan, Teresa (2004). Inventing Dazzler. New York City: Broadway Books. ISBN978-0-76791-451-2. ^{[ page needed ]}
32. ^ "Eugène Schueller". L'Oréal.
33. ^ ^{a b} Haiken, Elizabeth (2000). "The Making of the Modern Face: Cosmetic Surgery". Social Research. 67 (1): 81–97. JSTOR 40971379. PMID 17099986.
34. ^ Lee, Shu-Yueh; Clark, Naeemah (2014). "The Normalization of Cosmetic Surgery in Women'southward Magazines from 1960 to 1989". Journal of Magazine Media. 15 (1). doi:10.1353/jmm.2014.0014. Projection MUSE 773691.
35. ^ Dorman, Jacob S. (one June 2011). "Pare bleach and civilization: the racial formation of black in 1920s Harlem" (PDF). Periodical of Pan African Studies. four (4): 47–81. Gale A306514735.
36. ^ "Modernistic Living: Black Cosmetics". Time. 29 June 1970. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
37. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 127.
38. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 131.
39. ^ Dow, Bonnie J. (2003). "Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology". Rhetoric & Public Affairs. 6 (one): 127–149. doi:10.1353/rap.2003.0028. S2CID 143094250.
40. ^ Duffett, Judith (October 1968). WLM vs. Miss America. Vocalisation of the Women'south Liberation Movement. p. four.
41. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 138.
42. ^ "Cosmetics and Personal Care Products". Charles Ross & Son Visitor . Retrieved 7 June 2009.
43. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, p. 135.
44. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 137.
45. ^ Peiss 1998, p. five.
46. ^ "Lessons from categorising the entire beauty products sector (Part 1)". Dazzler Now. 27 September 2009. Archived from the original on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
47. ^ "Cosmetics and your wellness". Office on Women's Health. 4 November 2004.
48. ^ "FDA Authority Over Cosmetics". Eye for Nutrient Safety and Applied Nutrition. 3 March 2005. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009. Retrieved 23 Oct 2011.
49. ^ ""The Japanese cosmetics marketplace is actively changing," Hajime Suzuki, Cosme Tokyo". Premium Beauty News.
50. ^ "The beauty trends customers are buying during Covid-19". Vogue Business. 10 Baronial 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
51. ^ "Sleeping beauty halls: how Covid-19 upended the 'lipstick index'". The Guardian. 18 December 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2022.

Sources [edit]

• Angeloglou, Maggie (1970). The History of Make-up. London, Great britain: Macmillan. OCLC 615683528.
• Peiss, Kathy Lee (1998). Hope in a Jar: The Making of America's Beauty Culture. Metropolitan Books. ISBN978-0-8050-5550-4.

External links [edit]

• Forsling, Yvonne. "Regency Cosmetics and Make-Upwardly: Looking Your All-time in 1811". Regency England 1790-1830.
• "Naked face project: Women attempt no-makeup experiment". USA Today. 28 March 2012.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cosmetics

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